A Deep Learning Approach for Characterizing Major Galaxy Mergers

Skanda Koppula, Victor Bapst, Marc Huertas-Company, Sam Blackwell, Agnieszka Grabska-Barwinska, Sander Dieleman, Andrea Huber, Natasha Antropova, Mikolaj Binkowski, Hannah Openshaw, Adria Recasens, Fernando Caro, Avishai Deke, Yohan Dubois, Jesus Vega Ferrero, David C. Koo, Joel R. Primack, Trevor Back

Fine-grained estimation of galaxy merger stages from observations is a key problem useful for validation of our current theoretical understanding of galaxy formation. To this end, we demonstrate a CNN-based regression model that is able to predict, for the first time, using a single image, the merger stage relative to the first perigee passage with a median error of 38.3 million years (Myrs) over a period of 400 Myrs. This model uses no specific dynamical modeling and learns only from simulated merger events. We show that our model provides reasonable estimates on real observations, approximately matching prior estimates provided by detailed dynamical modeling. We provide a preliminary interpretability analysis of our models, and demonstrate first steps toward calibrated uncertainty estimation.

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