#### Combining Simulated Annealing and Monte Carlo Tree Search for Expression Simplification

##### Ben Ruijl, Jos Vermaseren, Aske Plaat, Jaap van den Herik

In many applications of computer algebra large expressions must be simplified to make repeated numerical evaluations tractable. Previous works presented heuristically guided improvements, e.g., for Horner schemes. The remaining expression is then further reduced by common subexpression elimination. A recent approach successfully applied a relatively new algorithm, Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with UCT as the selection criterion, to find better variable orderings. Yet, this approach is fit for further improvements since it is sensitive to the so-called exploration-exploitation constant $C_p$ and the number of tree updates $N$. In this paper we propose a new selection criterion called Simulated Annealing UCT (SA-UCT) that has a dynamic exploration-exploitation parameter, which decreases with the iteration number $i$ and thus reduces the importance of exploration over time. First, we provide an intuitive explanation in terms of the exploration-exploitation behavior of the algorithm. Then, we test our algorithm on three large expressions of different origins. We observe that SA-UCT widens the interval of good initial values $C_p$ where best results are achieved. The improvement is large (more than a tenfold) and facilitates the selection of an appropriate $C_p$.

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